Foreshadowing

Hello everyone, Winnie Griggs here.  

Today I want to talk a little bit about foreshadowing. It’s a wonderful literary device that, when used effectively, can really make a story resonate with a reader, can lead to a head slapping, “I should have seen that coming” moment.

First, what is foreshadowing and why might you want to use it?

Foreshadowing is the planting of a hint or warning of something to come later in the story. These hints can be overt, used by the author to create tension or anticipation, or subtle if the author wants to plant clues without being obvious.

The functions of foreshadowing include:

• to provide clues or hints about things to come
• to add an extra richness and dimension to your story for readers, even those who don’t consciously pick up on these hints
• to provide a reward for those readers who are paying close enough attention to ‘get it’
• to enhance the tension and/or anticipation in the readers
• to provide a page turning quality to your story as the reader becomes eager to find out if they’ve interpreted your foreshadowing device correctly
• to support a future ‘surprise’ occurrence so it doesn’t strike the reader as coming out of left field

So now that we know what it is and why a writer would want to use it, how would one employ it effectively?

First you need to decide what you want to foreshadow.

Of course, not everything needs to be foreshadowed. In fact, some stories don’t lend themselves to foreshadowing at all. Some surprises and twists work better coming out of the blue. And other events are not significant enough to warrant foreshadowing.

You also don’t want to wear out your reader with too much foreshadowing – doing that would mean you are overloading the story with set-up and are not providing enough story. This can make your story seem eye-rollingly melodramatic.

Foreshadowing should relate to something significant to your story - something improbable you want to lay a foundation for or a big event you want to subtly build toward.

However, this requires that you know what these ‘significant’ events are. So that may mean the foreshadowing info doesn’t get woven in until the second or subsequent passes.

There are two types of Foreshadowing

• Direct Foreshadowing
  This is intended to be recognized by the reader as such and points to an impending situation or problem. This future circumstance isn't spelled out in great detail (or it wouldn't be foreshadowing) but there is enough information to lead the reader to author-directed suppositions. You can do this in a number of ways, including:
  
  Use of dialog – have characters discuss upcoming events, character attributes, or plans.
  
  Use of objects – show a weapon, letter, mask or other such item that is an obvious portent of something to come.
  
  Use of character reactions – have a character react to something or someone in such a way as to indicate there is more than meets the eye

• Subtle or Covert Foreshadowing
  This is foreshadowing that you want the character to miss until the event it was building toward actually occurs. You can accomplish this by
  
  burying your foreshadowing breadcrumbs amid other details
  
  by having the information presented as trivial or in an offhand manner,
  
  by having the hint presented in a context that hides its true meaning or importance. The movie Sixth Sense provides a masterful example of this.  

The mechanics

• Do your foreshadowing as early in the story as possible.
  The farther the breadcrumb is dropped from the actual event or reveal, the more impact it has. And also make sure you scatter those breadcrumbs throughout, don’t drop them all in one place. But remember to use moderation – use just enough to make certain your reader doesn’t feel cheated by a twist she could never have seen coming, but not so much that your twist loses its punch.
• Make sure the payoff fits the buildup
  If you’re going to foreshadow something, the readers, especially those who have been doing the work of finding your hidden breadcrumbs, are going to expect those breadcrumbs to not only lead somewhere, but to lead somewhere that wows them. Don’t disappoint.

Check it again - Is it relevant and organic

• Does this bit of foreshadowing have the intended effect: If you’re trying to build suspense have you been explicit enough? On the other hand if you’re trying to lay groundwork for a plot element down the line, have you been subtle enough not to tip your hand? 
• Either way, have you woven in your foreshadowing element seamlessly or does it feel forced? You need to make certain you are staging things appropriately for the intended payoff.

  

So that’s a quick overview of the art of foreshadowing. Foreshadowing is a skill that requires practice and finesse. If not done carefully it can do more harm than good to your story, rendering it melodramatic, overly predictable, lacking believability or too forced.

So what other tips do you have to offer on this topic? Or do you have any fabulous example from either books or film that you’d like to share?